75 Gorgeous Ribcage Tattoo Design Ideas for Women

Looking for rib tattoos that feel both aesthetic and meaningful?

These ribcage tattoos are perfect for women who want elegant, feminine, and symbolic ink placed on one of the most intimate areas of the body. It gives plenty of space for a tattoo artist to get creative, whether it is a small and delicate piece or a large, flowing design.

You will find everything from vertical side tattoos to curvy patterns that flow along the chest, all ready to decorate your ribcage in the most striking way.

Ready to see some gorgeous ideas? Take a closer look and save the ones you love for later.

1. Elegant Pink Rose Side Tattoo

This delicate pink rose tattoo blooms softly along the ribs, symbolizing love and grace. The script “love” underneath adds emotional depth. It’s a quiet, romantic design that fits the ribcage perfectly. The fine lines and soft color tones make it feel personal and tender, like a hidden message.

2. Fierce Dragon in Diamond Frame

A powerful dragon coils inside a faint diamond frame, etched in detailed black and gray. Dragons represent strength and wisdom in many Asian cultures. Placing it on the ribcage gives it a mysterious, guarded presence like a force within. The shape flows naturally with the body’s curve, adding movement.

3. Minimal Scorpion Outline Rib Tattoo

This bold black scorpion design hugs the ribs with clean, sharp lines. It’s a symbol of resilience, danger, and protection. Its placement on the side ribs makes it feel edgy and fearless. The style is simple but fierce an ideal choice for someone with a strong inner shell.

Also See: Fierce & Bold Scorpion Tattoo Design Ideas

4. Long Serpent with Dragon Face Ribcage Tattoo

A long, slender serpent winds beneath a sword, stretched across the ribs. The linework is crisp and detailed. In mythology, snakes often stand for rebirth or cunning. The sword adds tension, turning this into a story of strength and balance. The tattoo wraps the body with purpose and flow.

5. Roaring Tiger Ink Splash Ribcage Tattoo

A roaring tiger explodes from the ribs with dramatic black brush strokes. The bold, artistic style mimics ink splatter, giving the piece a wild and untamed energy. The tiger’s roar adds movement and sound to this powerful image. It covers the ribs like a warrior’s spirit unleashed.

Also See: Tiger Tattoo Design Ideas

6. Abstract Vibrant Watercolor Swirl Ribcage Tattoo

This rib tattoo uses sweeping strokes of purple, blue, and black, resembling a moving wave or cosmic breeze. It’s abstract, playful, and free. The design curves naturally with the ribs, adding energy and motion to the body. It feels more like a painting than a tattoo, fluid and expressive.

7. Blue Wave Brushstroke Ribcage Tattoo

A single blue brushstroke flows from the hip up past the ribs. The design looks like water or wind frozen in motion. It’s bold but clean, almost meditative. This tattoo feels like freedom, something unspoken moving through you. The rib placement lets it follow the natural rise of breath. For more abstract designs, check out this collection dedicated to creative abstract tattoos.

8. Lotus and Koi Fish Ribcage Tattoo

A soft lotus flower grows from the roots, with koi fish dancing around it. This linework tattoo blends nature and motion. The lotus stands for peace and growth, while the koi symbolizes strength and perseverance. Set on the ribs, it mirrors quiet transformation close to the heart.

9. Dark Flowy Koi Fish Ribcage Tattoo

A single black koi swims upward, its tail fading into soft shadow. This minimalist tattoo feels spiritual, about rising through darkness. Koi fish are known in Japanese culture for swimming against the current, making this a quiet yet powerful symbol. Its placement gives it a hidden strength vibe.

10. Small Floral Hummingbird Ribcage Tattoo

A hummingbird shaped from flowers hovers under the bra line. It’s graceful and playful, combining nature’s beauty and freedom. Hummingbirds often stand for joy and lightness. This design adds softness to the ribcage while celebrating delicate movement. It feels like wearing a secret garden under your wing.

11. Large Delicate Floral Cluster Ribcage Tattoo

This black and grey floral tattoo flows across the ribs and under the breast. Its detailed lilies symbolize femininity, strength, and grace. Rib placement enhances the natural curves, giving it a soft, flowing motion. Painful but powerful, it’s a design that merges elegance with quiet resilience.

12. Elegant Forget-Me-Not Rib Tattoo

Tiny purple-blue forget-me-nots bloom in this soft, watercolor-style rib tattoo. These flowers represent remembrance and eternal love. Positioned subtly near the waistline, this design feels like a whisper on the skin, a gentle tribute that’s both personal and poetic. The minimal ink makes healing easier on this sensitive area.

13. Simple Wildflower Sprig Ribcage Tattoo

A fine-line cluster of wildflowers rests gently along the side ribs. The design mixes minimal ink with botanical charm, capturing the beauty of growth and renewal. It’s peaceful and earthy, perfect for nature lovers. Positioned right along the ribs, it aligns with breathing and inner calm.

14. Pink Rose with Butterflies Rib Side Tattoo

A pink rose stands tall as two soft butterflies dance above it. This romantic rib tattoo represents transformation and beauty. The butterflies add movement and joy, while the rose symbolizes love and personal growth. Located mid-rib, it balances visibility and intimacy in a lovely, feminine way.

15. Female Sniper Rib Tattoo

This playful black tattoo shows a pin-up-style woman lying flat, aiming a rifle. Mixing boldness with vintage art, it’s cheeky, strong, and edgy. Placed on the lower ribs, it turns a sensual curve into a canvas for fierce femininity with a rebellious touch.

16. Wildflower Bouquet with Butterfly Ribcage Tattoo

A delicate bouquet of wildflowers is joined by a butterfly in flight. The artwork feels dreamy and balanced, with fine lines and soft shading. Located on the ribs, it gives a natural flow to the body’s shape, symbolizing inner strength, freedom, and quiet transformation.

17. “I’ll See You in Every Sunset.” Rib Tattoo

This clean, typewritten script tattoo holds deep emotional meaning. Placed gently across the side ribs, it’s a tribute full of longing and memory, possibly for someone missed. The rib’s movement with breath gives the words a living rhythm, turning grief or love into poetic permanence.

18. Vertical Landscape Strip Rib Tattoo

A tall, narrow strip shows a serene black ink landscape with waves, trees, and moonlit skies. Inspired by Asian ink painting, this design blends tradition with modern edge. The full-rib placement draws the eye vertically, making it a stunning mural-like piece on a difficult but dramatic canvas.

19. “I’ll Make It to the Moon…” Rib Script Tattoo

Bold and determined, this quote tattoo speaks of grit and drive. Centered on the ribs, it’s placed where breathing is felt, matching the quote’s push through struggle. The moon metaphor adds a dreamer’s hope to a fighter’s mindset, making this ink both motivational and heartfelt.

20. “Focus on the Good” Rib Tattoo

Simple script says it all. This rib tattoo reminds the wearer to find light in dark times. Its delicate font and gentle placement reflect its message, quiet, persistent optimism. Located just under the bra line, it feels intimate and comforting, like a mantra you carry close to the heart.

21. “Love Yourz” Rib Tattoo

This delicate script tattoo says “love yourz,” a phrase that promotes self-love and contentment. Placed just under the ribcage, it sits subtly against the skin. Its small size and flowing cursive give it a gentle, meaningful presence, like a quiet reminder to appreciate life exactly as it is.

22. Magnolia Floral Cluster Ribcage Tattoo

This blooming rib tattoo features magnolia flowers and leafy detail in soft black and grey shading. The floral style flows upward along the side, almost like nature growing across the ribs. It brings grace and feminine charm, while magnolias often symbolize beauty, strength, and dignity.

23. “I Am Because You Were” Rib Script Tattoo

Done in fine cursive, this rib tattoo reads “i am because you were.” It’s heartfelt and poetic, likely honoring someone important. The simple, handwritten look adds a personal, almost whispered quality to the message. It rests neatly along the middle ribs, close to the heart but quiet in delivery.

24. “Is There No Enemy Within” – Full Ribcage Tattoo

Bold and commanding, this black lettering tattoo stretches down the ribs and says, “If there is no enemy within.” With its strong font variations and capitalized “Enemy,” it evokes inner strength and resilience. This design uses the rib area as a dramatic canvas for an empowering, introspective message.

25. “How Lucky Are We” Vertical Ribcage Tattoo

Running vertically down the side of the ribcage, this soft cursive tattoo reads “how lucky are we.” It feels dreamy and grateful, as if it’s capturing a fleeting moment of joy. Its thin, elegant lines mirror the natural curves of the body for a look that feels peaceful and sincere.

26. Falling Angel Ribcage Tattoo

This dramatic blackwork tattoo shows a muscular angel falling through space, wings torn mid-flight. Placed over the ribs, it uses shadows and motion lines to create depth and emotion. Inspired by myth or personal struggle, it’s powerful and raw, almost like a story caught in freefall. Here are more angel tattoo ideas for next inspiration.

27. Intricate Poppy in a Circle Rib Tattoo

This simple yet striking rib tattoo features a single poppy enclosed in a circle. The black ink lines are precise, giving the design a modern, clean look. Poppies can symbolize peace, sleep, or remembrance, and placing it over the ribs adds a private, thoughtful layer to its meaning.

28. “Have Courage and Be Kind” Ribcage Tattoo

A soft and gentle quote, “have courage and be kind,” rests just beneath the chest. The fine-line cursive makes it feel like a whispered piece of advice. It’s subtle and sincere, a quiet mantra placed over the ribs, close to the heart, where words often leave their mark.

29. Blue Snake Ribcage Tattoo

This tattoo shows a stylized blue snake curving and curling with fluid energy. The ribcage location enhances its slinky movement. Blue adds a bold, artistic twist to the usual snake imagery, making it feel cool and confident rather than threatening. It’s sleek, expressive, and a bit wild.

30. Sunset Strip Ribcage Tattoo

A tall, vertical strip of color captures a vivid sunset scene, waves, clouds, and a glowing sun. It turns the ribs into a living canvas for nature’s beauty. The tattoo feels like a window to another place, using bold colors and perfect symmetry to stand out like framed art on skin.

31. Skull with X-Ray Flower Side Tattoo

This tattoo blends a detailed human skull with a soft, delicate X-Ray style flower over one eye socket. It’s placed mid-rib, where the skin stretches and moves with breath. The design plays with contrast, life and death, bone and bloom, making it both thought-provoking and visually striking on the side body. Want more skeleton designs? Check out skeleton tattoo ideas for inspiration.

32. Ornate Revolver Rib Tattoo

Etched along the right rib, this revolver tattoo features rich linework and old-style decoration, like something from a Western film. It’s not just a weapon; it’s an emblem of rebellion or personal protection. The tattoo’s clean detail fits the ribcage’s long, narrow canvas perfectly.

33. Robot and Human Hand Rib Tattoo

This side rib tattoo shows a robot hand reaching toward a human one, with a small target in between. Inspired by Michelangelo’s “Creation of Adam,” it hints at tech meeting humanity. The fine shading and minimal lines give it a modern, sleek style right over the ribline.

34. Pink Satin Bow Rib Tattoo

A sweet pink ribbon bow sits gently on the lower rib, close to the waist. Light and playful, this tattoo feels feminine and decorative, like a gift wrapping the body. Its soft watercolor finish makes it look like it’s floating right on the skin.

Love bows? Here are more bow tattoo designs you can get them inked on Rib.

35. Woman with Flowers Side Rib Tattoo

This unique rib tattoo shows a curled-up woman surrounded by blooming branches. It’s earthy, emotional, and full of quiet beauty. The lines are delicate, and the placement makes it feel intimate, like a secret garden hidden on the ribs, where movement brings the ink to life.

36. Continuous Line Ribcage Tattoo

A single line weaves through abstract faces on the rib’s side, forming a fluid, continuous design. It’s minimalist but expressive, showing closeness and emotion without sharp edges. This style pairs well with the ribs, as the curved lines follow the body’s natural shape. Here are more trending one line tattoo to explore and get inspired.

37. Long-Stem Rose Ribcage Tattoo

A single rose, stretched vertically along the rib, captures both simplicity and strength. The fine linework gives it an elegant look. Roses often symbolize love or loss, but here, it’s more about grace and growth. The tall, narrow shape flows naturally with the rib cage.

38. Interlinked Hands & Faces Rib Tattoo

Running vertically down the side, this tattoo links hands and faces in one flowing design. It’s emotional and symbolic, like holding on through invisible threads. The top and bottom hands are shaded, while the faces remain abstract, making it both real and dreamlike across the ribs.

39. Pink and Orange Snake Ribcage Tattoo

Coiled in pink and orange, this stylized snake curves along the lower rib. The colors pop against the skin, giving it an almost magical feel. Snakes often represent transformation or power, and this design adds a fiery twist to the classic symbol with a playful bite.

40. Yellow Sunflower Ribcage Tattoo

Two bright sunflowers bloom side-by-side on the rib, leaning slightly inward. Their golden yellow petals stand out, warm and cheerful. This tattoo can suggest loyalty, sunshine, or simple beauty. Its placement along the side body makes it peek out naturally with every movement.

41. Realistic Praying Skeleton Rib Cage Tattoo

This detailed skeleton tattoo sits perfectly along the rib cage, showing a praying figure in a moment of reverence. The fine line work captures every bone detail, from the skull’s hollow sockets to the intricate hand positioning. Rib tattoos like this symbolize life’s fragility and spiritual connection. The placement follows the natural curve of ribs, creating a stunning anatomical art piece that moves with your body’s rhythm.

42. Medusa and Butterfly Ribcage Tattoo

A stunning mythological portrait dominates the ribcage, Medusa’s serpentine hair flowing dramatically above a vibrant monarch butterfly. The contrast between the fierce Greek goddess and delicate winged creature creates powerful symbolism of transformation and female strength. The detailed shading and colorwork make this side rib piece truly captivating.

43. Three Crossed Swords Rib Tattoo

Three ornate swords intersect in perfect symmetry on the upper thigh, just below the ribs. This black and gray design represents courage, honor, and protection. The detailed hilts and sharp blades create strong geometric lines. Popular among those seeking symbols of strength, this placement offers both visibility and personal significance.

44. Realistic Eagle Ribcage Tattoo

A powerful eagle spreads its wings across the entire side ribcage, every feather meticulously detailed in black and gray realism. This impressive bird symbolizes freedom, power, and patriotism. The large scale takes advantage of the rib’s natural canvas, creating a breathtaking display of artistic skill and meaningful symbolism.

45. Fierce Dragon Tattoo for Ribs

A fierce dragon coils around the side ribs, its serpentine body creating elegant curves along the torso. Detailed scales and flowing lines give this mythical creature life and movement. Dragons represent wisdom, strength, and protection in many cultures. The ribcage placement allows the design to flow naturally with body contours.

46. Cherub Angels Rib Tattoo

Two cherub angels dance playfully across the upper back ribs, their wings spread in graceful motion. This classical Renaissance-inspired design represents divine protection, innocence, and heavenly guidance. The soft shading and flowing composition create a timeless religious artwork that speaks to faith and spirituality with artistic elegance.

47. Ornate Cross Ribcage Tattoo

An intricately detailed cross adorns the side ribs with elaborate Gothic flourishes and decorative elements. This religious symbol represents faith, sacrifice, and spiritual devotion. The ornate design transforms a simple cross into artistic masterpiece. The vertical placement along the ribs emphasizes the cross’s sacred geometry and personal significance.

48. Moon Phases Tattoo for Side Ribs

Four circular moon phases track across the side ribs, showing the lunar cycle from new to full moon. Each phase features detailed crater textures and cosmic shading. This celestial design represents cycles, femininity, and natural rhythms. The horizontal alignment follows the rib’s natural lines, creating harmony between body and cosmos.

49. Humpback Whale Tattoo

A graceful humpback whale glides across the side ribs, its massive form captured in realistic detail. The gentle giant’s distinctive grooved throat and long pectoral fins create beautiful flowing lines. Whales symbolize wisdom, emotional depth, and ocean mysteries. This placement allows the marine mammal to swim naturally along the body’s curves.

50. Sword and Serpent Ribcage Tattoo

A detailed sword pierces through a coiled serpent on the side ribs, creating dramatic vertical composition. The snake wraps around the blade’s length, representing the eternal struggle between good and evil. This powerful symbol combines medieval imagery with spiritual meaning, showing triumph over temptation and protection against dark forces.

51. Floral Rose Side Tattoo

Delicate roses bloom across the ribcage in soft black and gray shading. The botanical design features layered petals and natural leaves that follow the body’s curves. Roses symbolize love, beauty, and passion. This feminine placement emphasizes the waist’s natural lines while creating an elegant garden on skin that moves gracefully with breathing.

52. Snake and Floral Ribcage Tattoo

A serpent weaves through blooming flowers on the lower ribcage, creating striking contrast between danger and beauty. The snake represents transformation and rebirth, while flowers add softness to the design. This placement wraps around the torso’s natural curve, making the artwork flow with body movement in an enchanting dance.

53. Dragon and Cherry Blossom Rib Tattoo

Traditional Asian artistry comes alive with a fierce dragon swimming through delicate cherry blossoms. The mythical creature symbolizes power and wisdom, while sakura flowers represent life’s fleeting beauty. This large-scale ribcage piece showcases detailed scales and flowing petals, creating a masterpiece that honors ancient cultural symbolism with modern tattoo artistry.

54. Tiger and Tropical Leaves Tattoo

A majestic tiger emerges from lush tropical foliage on the upper ribcage. The big cat’s piercing gaze represents courage and strength, while palm fronds add exotic jungle vibes. This placement follows the ribs’ natural architecture, creating depth and movement. The monochromatic design emphasizes the tiger’s powerful features against botanical backgrounds.

55. Crawling Snake Ribcage Tattoo

Simple elegance defines this small snake tattoo curving along the lower ribcage. Clean black lines create the serpent’s scaled body without unnecessary details. Snakes represent healing, transformation, and ancient wisdom. This minimal placement is perfect for those wanting meaningful symbolism without overwhelming artwork. The design flows naturally with the body’s contours.

56. Olive Branch Ribcage Tattoo

A graceful olive branch stretches across the upper ribcage with realistic leaves and small fruits. This ancient symbol represents peace, wisdom, and victory. The botanical design follows the ribs’ natural curve, creating harmony between body and art. Mediterranean cultures have treasured olive branches for thousands of years as symbols of hope.

57. Realistic Lips Ribcage Tattoo

Bold, sensual lips are perfectly rendered in black and gray realism on the ribcage. The artwork captures every curve, highlight, and shadow with incredible detail. Lips symbolize communication, sensuality, and self-expression. This daring placement makes a powerful statement about confidence and femininity. The monochromatic style emphasizes the lips’ natural beauty and form.

58. Surreal Women Face & Flowing Hair Ribcage Tattoo

An ethereal woman’s portrait graces the side ribs with flowing, wind-swept hair creating movement and grace. The realistic shading captures delicate facial features and dreamy expression. Feminine portraits often represent inner strength, beauty, and personal identity. This artistic placement transforms the ribcage into a canvas celebrating the divine feminine spirit.

59. Imaginative Face with Braids Rib Tattoo

Surreal artistry meets dark beauty in this melting face design with intricate braided hair. The portrait appears to dissolve, creating haunting visual effects. This style represents transformation, impermanence, and artistic expression. The ribcage placement allows the elongated dripping effect to flow naturally downward, enhancing the surreal melting illusion with body movement.

60. Red & Black Skeleton Snake Tattoo

Vibrant purple and pink snake-like dragons dance across the front and side ribcage in an elaborate design. Multiple serpentine creatures create dynamic movement and energy. The bright colors add playful contrast to traditional dragon symbolism of power and protection. This extensive ribcage coverage transforms the torso into a colorful mythical landscape.

61. Bold & Fierce Black Dragon Rib Tattoo

This stunning black dragon winds dramatically across the torso and hip, showcasing traditional Asian artistry. The serpentine creature flows with natural body curves, its scales meticulously detailed in bold black ink. Dragons symbolize power, wisdom, and good fortune in many cultures. The strategic placement follows the ribcage’s natural lines, creating dynamic movement that enhances the wearer’s silhouette beautifully.

62. Soccer Ball Rib Tattoo

A realistic soccer ball sits prominently on the ribcage, paired with delicate bee and daisy designs climbing the side. This playful combination celebrates athletic passion while embracing nature’s beauty. The contrast between the bold geometric ball and soft botanical elements creates visual interest. Ribs offer excellent canvas space for such detailed work, though the area is notoriously painful for tattooing.

63. Surreal Medieval Jester Rib Tattoo

An intricate medieval court jester dominates this side torso piece, rendered in detailed black and gray. The fool’s elaborate costume and mysterious expression capture historical entertainment culture. Jesters symbolize wisdom hidden behind humor, reminding us that truth often comes through laughter. The ribcage placement allows the full figure to flow naturally with the body’s contours and breathing movement.

64. Magician’s Illusion Ribcage Tattoo

A vintage magician performs his greatest trick on this torso canvas, sawing a woman in half with theatrical flair. The detailed illustration captures old-world entertainment magic, complete with formal attire and dramatic staging. This nostalgic piece celebrates the art of illusion and performance. The ribcage provides perfect space for such elaborate storytelling, though healing requires careful attention to movement.

65. Gothic Script Rib Tattoo

Bold red lettering spells “demon” in gothic calligraphy along the lower ribcage. The dramatic color choice and ornate font style create striking visual impact against skin. Gothic lettering has deep historical roots in medieval manuscripts and modern alternative culture. Lower rib placement keeps the text intimate yet easily displayable. The angular letterforms complement the body’s natural curves perfectly.

66. Mountain in Water Splashed Frame Rib Tattoo

A serene mountain scene enclosed in a perfect water circle graces this ribcage, creating a window-like portal to nature. The minimalist black linework captures peaks, valleys, and natural textures with artistic restraint. Water Circular tattoos symbolize wholeness, cycles, and connection to earth. This placement follows the rib’s natural curve, making breathing a gentle animation of the landscape within its frame.

67. Handcuff Chain Rib Tattoo

Simple handcuffs connected by a delicate chain wrap around the ribcage in fine linework. This minimalist design speaks to themes of freedom, bondage, or playful rebellion. The understated black ink allows the symbolism to speak louder than elaborate artistry. Rib placement keeps this intimate statement close to the heart, while the chain’s curve follows natural body contours gracefully.

68. Abstract Mystical Celestial Rib Cage Tattoo

A mystical celestial energy across the lower ribcage, combining earthbound creature with cosmic elements. The design merges nature’s patience with universal mystery through detailed linework. Snails symbolize slow progress, home-carrying, and life’s gentle pace. The curved shell echoes the rib’s natural arch, while delicate details showcase the artist’s precision in this tender tattooing location.

69. Soaring Eagle Ribcage Tattoo

A magnificent eagle spreads its wings across the side ribs, captured mid-flight in realistic detail. Every feather is carefully rendered, showing the bird’s raw power and natural grace. Eagles represent freedom, strength, and spiritual connection across many cultures. The ribcage placement allows the wings to span dramatically, creating the illusion of the bird taking flight from the wearer’s body.

70. Ocean Wave Ribcage Tattoo

A dramatic ocean wave crashes beneath the breast line, rendered in bold black stippling technique. The powerful water movement captures nature’s raw energy and constant motion. Waves symbolize life’s ups and downs, emotional depth, and renewal. This placement follows the natural curve beneath the breast, creating an intimate yet striking design that flows with the body’s feminine contours.

71. Floral Bouquet Tattoo on Side Ribs

Delicate roses and leaves cascade down the ribcage in fine black linework. This botanical design flows naturally with the body’s curves, creating an elegant feminine statement. The minimalist style emphasizes graceful stems and petals, perfect for those who appreciate subtle beauty and nature’s artistry.

72. Mermaid Fine Line Ribcage Tattoo

A flowing mermaid figure wraps around the lower ribcage, her hair dancing upward in ethereal waves. This mystical design captures ocean magic and feminine power. The curved placement follows the natural arch of ribs, while dotwork shading adds depth to this enchanting underwater fantasy piece.

73. Winged Pheonix Ribcage Tattoo

A majestic phoenix rises across the upper ribcage, its detailed wings symbolizing freedom and renewal. This mythological bird represents rebirth, transformation, and inner strength. The intricate feather work captures fiery elegance, making it a powerful design for those who want their tattoo to embody resilience and spiritual evolution.

74. Flower & Galaxy Halo Dotwork Ribcage Tattoo

“Life finds a way” arcs above a cosmic spiral dotted with tiny flowers on the mid-ribcage. This philosophical piece combines universal themes with personal meaning. The stippled shading creates depth while the simple text adds inspirational weight, perfect for dreamers who find wonder in life’s mysteries.

75. Realistic Fierce Eye Ribcage Tattoo

A piercing human eye peers through what appears to be torn skin on the underarm ribcage area. This dramatic 3D illusion creates an unsettling yet fascinating effect. The realistic shading and anatomical detail showcase advanced tattooing skills, making this a conversation starter that challenges viewers’ perceptions.